Rabu, 25 November 2015

Intoduction to Literature

This article is focused on English-language literature rather than being limited merely to the literature of England, so that it includes writers from Scotland, the whole of Ireland, and Wales, as well as literature in English from former British colonies, including the US. However, until the early 19th century, it deals with the literature written in English in Britain and Ireland.

What is literature ?
Literature is a mimisis (re-creation) imitation of something. literature is  a term used to describe written and something spoken material.
for instance : 

  • anything in print (written)
  • too broad but to narrow 
  • includes those beyond la belle letters
  • excludes the oral literature
  • a creative work of which is language 
  • literature is for pleasure and service  

Why Is Studying English Literature Important?

Okay, so there are about a thousand things for a teenager, or even a 50-year-old adult, to do in today's wired, 500-channel cable television world. We can watch feature films on our phones or hop in a car and drive a hundred miles away in just a couple of hours. That's not how things used to be. People used to read literature for entertainment because even just 50 years ago, there were simply not many readily available entertainment options.
Despite these other entertainment options, English literature remains popular. It is time-tested and well worn for a reason. English literature deals with universal themes and values that help us grow in our everyday lives. It also teaches us about different time periods and faraway places.

Literature can be classified according to whether it is fiction or non-fiction and whether it is poetry or prose; it can be further distinguished according to major forms such as the novelshort story or drama; and works are often categorized according to historical periods or their adherence to certain aesthetic features or expectations (genre).

Poetry is a form of literary art which uses aesthetic and rhythmic qualities of language to evoke meanings in addition to, or in place of,prosaic ostensible meaning.

Prose is a form of language that possesses ordinary syntax and natural speech rather than rhythmic structure; in which regard, along with its measurement in sentences rather than lines, it differs from poetry.
Drama is literature intended for performance.

There are fiction, poetry,  prose, drama and etc. 
for this week  i  choose drama  for  further explaining

Drama is literature intended for performance. The form is often combined with music and dance, as in opera and  musical theater.
Drama was introduced to England from Europe by the romans. 

What the function of drama especially for student? 
to improve their performance. 
to improve their ability in written and spoken.
to improve their knowledge.
to make good communication between student and teacher. 
to develop their ability to work in groups, trusting and relying each other. 
to appreciate and respond positively to the part played by others in the drama.
and of course to make them be brave to show their performance in front of people.

 I take an example of a very famous drama



Have you ever heard about Romeo and Juliet ?
The play Romeo and Juliet is a tragedy written by william shakespeare
The story told about two young star-crossed lovers whose deaths ultimately reconcile their feuding families.
This is one of his most frequently performed plays.
Romeo and Juliet belongs to a tradition of tragic romances stretching back to antiquity. 



Minggu, 15 November 2015

Introduction To English Linguistics


 Chapter 1
Competences based : you should understand the language. You have knowlegde about language.
Performance based : how you make a speech and how you make percformance infront of people
Grammar : the study of rules of language at variuos levels of structure
Pragmatic : the study of principles specifying how language is used.
Prescriptivist  : prescribe usage : giving – direction make identification
how to make the correct speech or write.  ( for example : teacher)
Descriptivist :  describe the language.  Describe how language is used. ( for example : analytical)
Semantic : the study of meaning in language.
Semiotic : system about sign

Chapter 2
Cognate Vocabulary : vocabulary that languages share having a common origin in an ancestral language.
Genetic classification of language : Indo-European language, West English
Language death : is a type of language shift. However, unlike bilingualism,which involves speaker shifting from one language to another in different contexts, language death occurs when, over time, a language loses all its speaker. The procces  of language death is typically slow, and involves successive generations of speakers abandoning a language until only relatively few people remain as fluent speakers. Once these people die the language dies too.
Shyncronic : try to investigating the language.
Diachronic :  hystory of the language that changes from the past the past untill today.
Tytypological classification based on morphology : Morphologically, language have traditionally been classified as being aglunative, isolating or fusional

Chapter 3
Grammatical meaning vs pragmatic meaning
Grammatical meaning: how words have individual meaning (basedon dictionary)
Pragmanic meaning:  the role that context plays in the enterpretation of what people says.
Sentences vs utterance
Sentence: a grammatical well formed unit that has subject and predicate
Utterance: a linguistics constraction maynot grammatically but has meaning and communicative.

Speech act theory
The difference between saying and doing
Locutionary: just the saying
Illocutionary: make someone do something
Prelocutionary: the effect of locutionary and illocutionary, maybe upset them or there is no effect