Chapter 1
Competences based : you should understand the language. You
have knowlegde about language.
Performance based : how you make a speech and how you make
percformance infront of people
Grammar : the study of rules of language at variuos levels
of structure
Pragmatic : the study of principles specifying how language
is used.
Prescriptivist :
prescribe usage : giving – direction make identification
how to make the correct speech or write. ( for example : teacher)
Descriptivist :
describe the language. Describe
how language is used. ( for example : analytical)
Semantic : the study of meaning in language.
Semiotic : system about sign
Chapter 2
Cognate Vocabulary : vocabulary that languages share having
a common origin in an ancestral language.
Genetic classification of language : Indo-European language,
West English
Language death : is a type of language shift. However,
unlike bilingualism,which involves speaker shifting from one language to
another in different contexts, language death occurs when, over time, a
language loses all its speaker. The procces
of language death is typically slow, and involves successive generations
of speakers abandoning a language until only relatively few people remain as
fluent speakers. Once these people die the language dies too.
Shyncronic : try to investigating the language.
Diachronic : hystory
of the language that changes from the past the past untill today.
Tytypological classification based on morphology :
Morphologically, language have traditionally been classified as being
aglunative, isolating or fusional
Chapter 3
Grammatical meaning vs pragmatic meaning
Grammatical meaning: how words have individual meaning
(basedon dictionary)
Pragmanic meaning:
the role that context plays in the enterpretation of what people says.
Sentences vs utterance
Sentence: a grammatical well formed unit that has subject
and predicate
Utterance: a linguistics constraction maynot grammatically
but has meaning and communicative.
Speech act theory
The difference between saying and doing
Locutionary: just the saying
Illocutionary: make someone do something
Prelocutionary: the effect of locutionary and illocutionary,
maybe upset them or there is no effect
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